摘要(yao)：隨著(zhu)我國(guo)近(jin)年(nian)來(lai)經濟(ji)的(de)高(gao)速發展，相對落(luo)后的(de)發展模(mo)式(shi)帶來(lai)了嚴重的(de)環(huan)境污染(ran)問題(ti)，持續(xu)的(de)霧(wu)霾已經威脅到人民群(qun)眾的(de)身體健康。根據(ju)環(huan)境保護部門(men)的(de)分析，目前我國(guo)氣(qi)態污染(ran)物(wu)的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)成(cheng)份是(shi)可(ke)吸入顆粒物(wu)、二氧化硫、氮(dan)氧化物(wu)等(deng)組成(cheng)，也(ye)是(shi)形成(cheng)霧(wu)霾的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)原因。在我國(guo)焦(jiao)化廠及電廠是(shi)大氣(qi)污染(ran)物(wu)的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)排(pai)放源之焦(jiao)化廠和電廠若實現粉塵(chen)減(jian)排(pai)對于環(huan)境的(de)貢獻(xian)無疑將是(shi)巨大的(de)。

由(you)于環(huan)保壓(ya)力大(da)，對于煙氣中煙塵、SO2、NOx、汞及其化合物的(de)排(pai)放(fang)(fang)濃(nong)度要(yao)求日(ri)益嚴格。在(zai)（GB13223-2011）中規(gui)定的(de)排(pai)放(fang)(fang)限值(zhi)的(de)基(ji)礎(chu)上，要(yao)求達到煙塵排(pai)放(fang)(fang)濃(nong)度不大(da)于5mg/Nm³，SO2排(pai)放(fang)(fang)濃(nong)度不大(da)于35mg/Nm³，NOx排(pai)放(fang)(fang)濃(nong)度不大(da)于50mg/Nm。

一、國內外(wai)除塵系(xi)統發展介紹

第一臺(tai)電(dian)除(chu)(chu)塵(chen)器于1907年投(tou)入商業運行以(yi)(yi)來(lai)，已經超過(guo)了一百年的(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史。百年來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)應用實(shi)踐表明，從(cong)投(tou)資和(he)長期運行成本綜(zong)合來(lai)看，電(dian)除(chu)(chu)塵(chen)設備的(de)(de)(de)總體費用低、技術經濟性好、運行維護管(guan)理壓力小。歐美及(ji)其他發達國(guo)家目前使用的(de)(de)(de)干式電(dian)除(chu)(chu)塵(chen)器，其煙(yan)塵(chen)排(pai)放濃(nong)度(du)都低于20mg/m3 ，特別是德(de)國(guo)和(he)日本，一般都可以(yi)(yi)控(kong)制(zhi)在10mg/m3 以(yi)(yi)下。如果采用濕式、低低溫(wen)電(dian)除(chu)(chu)塵(chen)器，煙(yan)塵(chen)排(pai)放濃(nong)度(du)可以(yi)(yi)控(kong)制(zhi)在5mg/m3以(yi)(yi)下。

（1）美國

隨著火電(dian)廠環保(bao)治理(li)措施(shi)技術的(de)(de)發(fa)展和對(dui)環保(bao)的(de)(de)高度重視，美國具有(you)主要(yao)代(dai)表性的(de)(de)除(chu)(chu)(chu)塵工藝(yi)是電(dian)除(chu)(chu)(chu)塵器靜電(dian)除(chu)(chu)(chu)塵工藝(yi)和布袋(dai)除(chu)(chu)(chu)塵器除(chu)(chu)(chu)塵工藝(yi)。2005 年以(yi)來，由于采用旋轉噴霧半干法煙氣脫硫工藝(yi)的(de)(de)增(zeng)加以(yi)及美國國家對(dui)粉塵微細顆粒(li)PM2.5排放(fang)控制要(yao)求的(de)(de)提高，布袋(dai)除(chu)(chu)(chu)塵器的(de)(de)應(ying)用逐漸(jian)增(zeng)多，目前美國約有(you) 20%以(yi)上的(de)(de)電(dian)廠采用布袋(dai)除(chu)(chu)(chu)塵器[8-10]。

（2）日本

在(zai)2000年前大(da)容量(liang)機組(zu)主(zhu)要采(cai)用常規靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)除塵(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)設備，2000年后隨(sui)著燃煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠大(da)氣(qi)污染防治技術的(de)日益提(ti)高(gao)和(he)公眾(zhong)對(dui)環保(bao)的(de)高(gao)度重視，日本(ben)新建大(da)容量(liang)燃煤機組(zu)多(duo)采(cai)用最具代表的(de)低(di)低(di)溫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)除塵(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)器和(he)移(yi)動(dong)極板(ban)(ban)(ban)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)除塵(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)器工藝[11]。低(di)低(di)溫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)除塵(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)工藝的(de)核(he)心是將一(yi)(yi)套熱媒體煙氣(qi)加熱器(MGGH)加裝(zhuang)(zhuang)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)除塵(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)器之前，利用 MGGH 熱交換作用，將進入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)除塵(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)器的(de)煙氣(qi)溫度降低(di)到 900 攝氏度左(zuo)右，低(di)于常規的(de) 1300-1500攝氏度，同時(shi)降低(di)粉塵(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)的(de)比電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)，提(ti)高(gao)所有(you)煤種條件下電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)除塵(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)效率，即使集塵(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)面積不變。當入口粉塵(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)濃度為 20g /Nm3時(shi)，也能(neng)(neng)使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)除塵(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)器出口的(de)粉塵(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)濃度達到30mg/ Nm3，除塵(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)效率達到 99.85%，然后通過濕法脫硫裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置保(bao)證出口粉塵(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)濃度低(di)于l0mg/ Nm3，在(zai)日本(ben)對(dui)濕法脫硫的(de)除塵(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)效率一(yi)(yi)般按(an) 85%考慮[12]。移(yi)動(dong)極板(ban)(ban)(ban)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)除塵(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)器工藝是由日立公司新開發的(de)一(yi)(yi)種除塵(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)方式，這(zhe)是一(yi)(yi)項能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)有(you)效地收集高(gao)比電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)粉塵(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)的(de)新技術，核(he)心就是采(cai)用移(yi)動(dong)陽極板(ban)(ban)(ban)和(he)旋轉(zhuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷來剝離(li)粉塵(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)(chen)。該裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置己較多(duo)用于日本(ben)的(de)700MW-1000MW機組(zu)[13]。

（3）德國

根據(ju)德(de)國(guo)聯邦環境污染(ran)防(fang)治法(fa)(fa)，對(dui)300MW以上機(ji)組粉塵(chen)(chen)排放控制濃(nong)度要求(qiu)為(wei)20mg/ Nm3以下(xia)(xia)。針(zhen)對(dui)法(fa)(fa)規要求(qiu)，德(de)國(guo)的(de)大容(rong)量燃煤機(ji)組目前主要除(chu)(chu)(chu)塵(chen)(chen)措(cuo)施是(shi)裝(zhuang)備高(gao)效電(dian)除(chu)(chu)(chu)塵(chen)(chen)器，該類除(chu)(chu)(chu)塵(chen)(chen)器對(dui)電(dian)除(chu)(chu)(chu)塵(chen)(chen)器控制部(bu)分和煙(yan)氣通道進(jin)行改進(jin)，從而提高(gao)電(dian)除(chu)(chu)(chu)塵(chen)(chen)效率(lv)，加上煙(yan)氣脫硫(liu)裝(zhuang)置的(de)除(chu)(chu)(chu)塵(chen)(chen)作用(yong)，能(neng)將粉塵(chen)(chen)排放濃(nong)度控制在 20mg/ Nm3以下(xia)(xia)[14]。據(ju)有關(guan)資料介紹，高(gao)效電(dian)除(chu)(chu)(chu)塵(chen)(chen)器本身除(chu)(chu)(chu)塵(chen)(chen)效率(lv)實際(ji)就可(ke)達到99.99%，除(chu)(chu)(chu)塵(chen)(chen)器出口煙(yan)塵(chen)(chen)排放濃(nong)度可(ke)控制在l0mg/Nm3以下(xia)(xia)[15,16]。近(jin)年(nian)隨著電(dian)除(chu)(chu)(chu)塵(chen)(chen)器技(ji)術的(de)不斷改進(jin)，歐(ou)洲的(de)大容(rong)量機(ji)組的(de)除(chu)(chu)(chu)塵(chen)(chen)設施仍以電(dian)除(chu)(chu)(chu)塵(chen)(chen)器為(wei)主。

二、提高電除(chu)塵效果的幾項措施(shi)

我國火電(dian)行(xing)業以(yi)(yi)(yi)燃煤為(wei)主，排(pai)(pai)放(fang)的大氣污(wu)(wu)染物(wu)(wu)包(bao)括煙塵、二氧化硫和氮(dan)氧化物(wu)(wu)（焦化煙囪(cong)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)物(wu)(wu)與此相(xiang)似(si)），是(shi)我國污(wu)(wu)染控制的重點(dian)行(xing)業。隨著GB13223《火電(dian)廠大氣污(wu)(wu)染物(wu)(wu)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)標準(zhun)》不(bu)斷修訂，國家要求達標排(pai)(pai)放(fang)的煙塵濃度值越來越低。當前我國大中(zhong)型(xing)火力(li)發(fa)電(dian)廠煙氣除塵設(she)備仍以(yi)(yi)(yi)采用電(dian)除塵器(qi)設(she)備為(wei)主。國內電(dian)除塵器(qi)研(yan)究(jiu)單位(wei)和制造(zao)廠為(wei)應對新(xin)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)標準(zhun)、煤種復雜(za)多(duo)變、反電(dian)暈等問題，做了大量(liang)的開發(fa)研(yan)究(jiu)工作(zuo)，這些新(xin)技術(shu)對燃煤電(dian)廠現有電(dian)除塵器(qi)的提(ti)(ti)效(xiao)改造(zao)提(ti)(ti)供了可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)選擇的、可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)多(duo)種組合的、靈活的技術(shu)方案。

(1)增加(jia)(jia)電場個數（增加(jia)(jia)比集塵面(mian)積）

根(gen)據電(dian)除(chu)塵(chen)器(qi)(qi)效(xiao)率(lv)計算多依奇公式，在(zai)煙氣(qi)量一定的條件(jian)下，增(zeng)加電(dian)除(chu)塵(chen)器(qi)(qi)集塵(chen)極板面積(ji)，可(ke)以(yi)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)比(bi)集塵(chen)面積(ji)，從而提(ti)高(gao)(gao)除(chu)塵(chen)效(xiao)率(lv)。如果原電(dian)除(chu)塵(chen)器(qi)(qi)進、出口(kou)有場地空(kong)間，可(ke)以(yi)新增(zeng)一個或(huo)兩個電(dian)場，提(ti)高(gao)(gao)電(dian)除(chu)塵(chen)器(qi)(qi)的集塵(chen)面積(ji)，從而提(ti)高(gao)(gao)除(chu)塵(chen)效(xiao)率(lv)。

(2)改為布袋除塵器

布袋(dai)除(chu)(chu)塵(chen)器為過濾(lv)(lv)(lv)式除(chu)(chu)塵(chen)，含塵(chen)氣(qi)流均勻的進入到(dao)布袋(dai)除(chu)(chu)塵(chen)器的各室，經濾(lv)(lv)(lv)袋(dai)過濾(lv)(lv)(lv)后，灰(hui)塵(chen)粘(zhan)附在(zai)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)袋(dai)的外(wai)表面(mian)，隨著灰(hui)塵(chen)粘(zhan)附厚度(du)的增加，濾(lv)(lv)(lv)袋(dai)內外(wai)差壓達到(dao)預先設定值(zhi)時，脈沖清灰(hui)系統啟動，對濾(lv)(lv)(lv)袋(dai)依次進行(xing)清灰(hui)，粉(fen)塵(chen)落入灰(hui)斗(dou)。

布袋除塵器的最大優點是：除塵效率不受煙氣成份、含塵濃度、顆粒分散度及粉塵比電阻等煙氣粉塵性質的影響，對微細粉塵捕集率一般可達99.9%以上，安裝運行良好的設備排放濃度<30mg/m3甚至更小。特別是用于收集高比電阻粉塵及微細粉塵這種對于電除塵器來說難以收集的粉塵時，具有明顯的技術優勢。

(3)電袋(dai)復(fu)合除(chu)塵技術(shu)

電(dian)袋復合式除(chu)(chu)塵(chen)是通(tong)過(guo)前級(ji)電(dian)除(chu)(chu)塵(chen)區捕集70%～80%的(de)煙(yan)氣粉(fen)塵(chen)，后(hou)級(ji)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)袋過(guo)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)區捕集少量(liang)的(de)殘余粉(fen)塵(chen)。同時利(li)用通(tong)過(guo)前級(ji)電(dian)場(chang)區產生的(de)荷電(dian)粉(fen)塵(chen)可有效(xiao)改(gai)善沉(chen)積在濾(lv)(lv)(lv)袋表面粉(fen)塵(chen)層的(de)過(guo)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)特(te)性，使(shi)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)袋的(de)透(tou)氣性能、清(qing)灰性能得到大幅改(gai)善，從而達到低阻高效(xiao)收塵(chen)的(de)效(xiao)果。此技術結合了電(dian)除(chu)(chu)塵(chen)和濾(lv)(lv)(lv)袋除(chu)(chu)塵(chen)的(de)兩(liang)種除(chu)(chu)塵(chen)特(te)點，它的(de)除(chu)(chu)塵(chen)效(xiao)率不受煤種、飛灰特(te)性的(de)影響，與純布袋除(chu)(chu)塵(chen)器相比(bi)，在運(yun)行(xing)過(guo)程(cheng)中除(chu)(chu)塵(chen)器可以保持較低的(de)運(yun)行(xing)阻力。

(4)移動極板電除塵(chen)技(ji)術

移動極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)板(ban)電(dian)(dian)(dian)除(chu)塵(chen)(chen)器(qi)收塵(chen)(chen)機理(li)與(yu)常規(gui)(gui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)除(chu)塵(chen)(chen)器(qi)相同(tong)，由(you)前(qian)級固定(ding)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)板(ban)電(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)（常規(gui)(gui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)）和后(hou)級移動極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)板(ban)電(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)組成。移動極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)板(ban)電(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)中陽極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)部(bu)分采用回(hui)轉的(de)(de)(de)陽極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)板(ban)和旋轉的(de)(de)(de)清(qing)灰刷(shua)。附著于(yu)回(hui)轉陽極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)板(ban)上的(de)(de)(de)粉塵(chen)(chen)在尚未達到形成反電(dian)(dian)(dian)暈(yun)的(de)(de)(de)厚度(du)時(shi)，就(jiu)被布置(zhi)在非電(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)旋轉清(qing)灰刷(shua)徹底清(qing)除(chu)，因此不會(hui)產生反電(dian)(dian)(dian)暈(yun)現象并最大(da)(da)限度(du)地減(jian)少了(le)二次(ci)揚塵(chen)(chen)，增加粉塵(chen)(chen)驅(qu)進速度(du)，大(da)(da)幅提(ti)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)除(chu)塵(chen)(chen)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)除(chu)塵(chen)(chen)效率(lv)，降低(di)(di)排放濃(nong)度(du)，同(tong)時(shi)降低(di)(di)了(le)對煤種變化的(de)(de)(de)敏感性(xing)。

(5)低溫電除塵技術(shu)

低(di)(di)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)電除(chu)(chu)塵(chen)器(qi)是通過(guo)低(di)(di)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)換熱(re)(re)器(qi)（主要(yao)采用汽(qi)(qi)機冷凝(ning)水與(yu)熱(re)(re)煙氣(qi)通過(guo)換熱(re)(re)器(qi)進(jin)行(xing)熱(re)(re)交換，使得(de)汽(qi)(qi)機冷凝(ning)水得(de)到額外(wai)的熱(re)(re)量，以(yi)減小汽(qi)(qi)機冷凝(ning)水回路(lu)系(xi)統中(zhong)低(di)(di)壓(ya)加熱(re)(re)器(qi)的抽汽(qi)(qi)量），使進(jin)入(ru)電除(chu)(chu)塵(chen)器(qi)的運行(xing)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度由(you)常(chang)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)狀(zhuang)態(120℃～160℃)下降(jiang)到低(di)(di)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)狀(zhuang)態（90℃～110℃左右，一般控(kong)制在酸露點以(yi)上10℃)，由(you)于排煙溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度的降(jiang)低(di)(di)，進(jin)入(ru)電除(chu)(chu)塵(chen)器(qi)的煙氣(qi)量減少、煙氣(qi)流速降(jiang)低(di)(di)，粉塵(chen)比(bi)電阻(zu)降(jiang)低(di)(di)。從而實現余熱(re)(re)利(li)用和提高除(chu)(chu)塵(chen)效率的雙重目的。

(6)電(dian)除塵器電(dian)源新技術

高(gao)(gao)頻電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)輸出(chu)直(zhi)(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)比工(gong)頻電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)平均電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)要(yao)高(gao)(gao)約30％，因為工(gong)頻電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)峰值電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)除塵(chen)(chen)器(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場中觸(chu)發火(huo)花，顯(xian)著地限制了(le)加在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極上的(de)平均電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)。而高(gao)(gao)頻電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)諧(xie)振(zhen)頻率為30～40kHz，同常規(gui)的(de)工(gong)頻電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)相比，高(gao)(gao)頻電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)紋波(bo)系數小于5%，在(zai)(zai)直(zhi)(zhi)流供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時它(ta)的(de)二次(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)波(bo)形幾(ji)乎為一條直(zhi)(zhi)線，高(gao)(gao)頻電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)提(ti)供了(le)幾(ji)乎無(wu)波(bo)動的(de)直(zhi)(zhi)流輸出(chu)，這使得靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)除塵(chen)(chen)器(qi)能夠以(yi)次(ci)火(huo)花發生點電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)運行，從而提(ti)高(gao)(gao)了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)除塵(chen)(chen)器(qi)的(de)前電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，提(ti)高(gao)(gao)了(le)前電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場除塵(chen)(chen)效率，減輕(qing)了(le)后級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場的(de)負擔，從而使整臺電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)除塵(chen)(chen)器(qi)粉(fen)塵(chen)(chen)排放濃度顯(xian)著降低，提(ti)高(gao)(gao)了(le)整體除塵(chen)(chen)效率。

三、電除塵(chen)器的工作原理(li)和影響電除塵(chen)性能的主要因素

電(dian)(dian)(dian)除(chu)塵(chen)(chen)器是在兩個(ge)(ge)曲率(lv)半徑相(xiang)差很大的金(jin)屬(shu)陽(yang)極(ji)和陰極(ji)上(shang)(shang)，通過高壓直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)，維持一(yi)個(ge)(ge)足以使氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)離(li)(li)的靜(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)(chang)。氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)電(dian)(dian)(dian)離(li)(li)后所生(sheng)成的電(dian)(dian)(dian)子，陰離(li)(li)子和陽(yang)離(li)(li)子，吸附(fu)在通過電(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)(chang)的粉塵(chen)(chen)上(shang)(shang)，而使粉塵(chen)(chen)獲得(de)荷(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。荷(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)粉塵(chen)(chen)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)場(chang)(chang)力的作用下，便(bian)向電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)性相(xiang)反(fan)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)運動而沉積在電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)上(shang)(shang)，從而達(da)到粉塵(chen)(chen)和氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)分(fen)離(li)(li)的目的。當沉積在電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)上(shang)(shang)的粉塵(chen)(chen)達(da)到一(yi)定厚度時，借助于振打機(ji)構使粉塵(chen)(chen)落入下部灰斗中(zhong)。盡(jin)管(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)除(chu)塵(chen)(chen)的類型和結構很多，但都是按照(zhao)同(tong)樣的基本(ben)原理(li)設計出來(lai)的，用電(dian)(dian)(dian)除(chu)塵(chen)(chen)的方法分(fen)離(li)(li)氣(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)中(zhong)的懸浮塵(chen)(chen)粒(li)，主要包括(kuo)以下四(si)個(ge)(ge)復雜(za)而又相(xiang)

互有關的物理過程：

(1)氣(qi)體(ti)的電離。

(2)懸(xuan)浮塵粒的荷電。

(3)荷電(dian)塵粒向(xiang)電(dian)極運動(dong)。

(4)荷電(dian)塵粒沉積在(zai)電(dian)極上。

影響電除(chu)塵(chen)性能(neng)的因素很多，可以大致歸納為(wei)如(ru)下(xia)四(si)大類：

1、粉塵(chen)特(te)性：主要包(bao)括(kuo)粉塵(chen)的(de)粒徑分布，真密度(du)和堆積密度(du)、粘(zhan)附性和比電阻等。

2、煙氣性質：主要包括煙氣溫(wen)度，壓力、成分、溫(wen)度、流速(su)和含塵濃度等。

3、結構因素(su)：主要(yao)包括電(dian)暈(yun)線(xian)的幾(ji)何形(xing)狀(zhuang)、直徑、數(shu)量和線(xian)間距，收(shou)塵極的形(xing)式(shi)(shi)(shi)、極板斷(duan)面形(xing)狀(zhuang)、極間距、極板面積以及電(dian)場數(shu)、電(dian)場長度(du)、供電(dian)方式(shi)(shi)(shi)、振打方式(shi)(shi)(shi)(方向、強度(du)、周期)、氣流分(fen)布裝(zhuang)置、外(wai)殼嚴密程度(du)、灰(hui)斗形(xing)式(shi)(shi)(shi)和出灰(hui)口鎖風裝(zhuang)置等。

4、操(cao)作因素：主要(yao)包括伏安(an)特性、漏風率、氣流短(duan)路、二次飛揚和電暈線肥大等。

四、存在的問題和擬解決的方(fang)法(fa)

電除(chu)(chu)塵(chen)(chen)(chen)器長(chang)時間使用以(yi)后(hou)，粉塵(chen)(chen)(chen)會(hui)沉積到收塵(chen)(chen)(chen)極板(ban)上，減弱了收塵(chen)(chen)(chen)極的(de)導電性，使電暈(yun)電流減小，影響除(chu)(chu)塵(chen)(chen)(chen)效率。為了克服粉塵(chen)(chen)(chen)的(de)黏附(fu)性，電除(chu)(chu)塵(chen)(chen)(chen)的(de)振(zhen)(zhen)打(da)錘(chui)的(de)設計需(xu)要科學合理，既要保證(zheng)可以(yi)有效清除(chu)(chu)極板(ban)上的(de)粉塵(chen)(chen)(chen)，又(you)要保證(zheng)不會(hui)產生二次飛揚。為了保證(zheng)除(chu)(chu)塵(chen)(chen)(chen)效果，需(xu)合理調(diao)整振(zhen)(zhen)打(da)時間和振(zhen)(zhen)打(da)錘(chui)的(de)振(zhen)(zhen)打(da)角度。這需(xu)要大量試驗來確(que)定參數(shu)。

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